When experiencing temperatures at either extreme of the gradient, i.e. 1) and has a direct effect on the speed of plant development, also referred to as the thermal time concept, which is especially clear in flowering time ( Parent et al., 2019). Plant responses to temperature can be roughly classified along the temperature gradient ( Penfield, 2008) ( Fig. In addition, climate change will prompt more irregular weather events such as colder winters and more frequent heat waves and droughts ( Battisti and Naylor, 2009). Already a 1 ☌ increase in average global temperature is predicted to lead to major yield losses in staple crops such as wheat, maize, and rice ( Battisti and Naylor, 2009 Craufurd and Wheeler, 2009 Challinor et al., 2014 Zhu et al., 2021). Understanding and adjusting plant responsiveness to mild changes in ambient temperature will be a major challenge for the future, since an increase of the average global temperature (global warming) will affect agricultural productivity and ecosystem functioning ( Stocker et al., 2013). Plants are remarkably sensitive to small changes in ambient temperature and respond to both cold and warmth ( Chinnusamy et al., 2010 Quint et al., 2016). We discuss how kinases can function over a range of temperatures in different signalling pathways and provide an outlook to the application of PTM-modifying factors for the development of thermotolerant crops.Ĭold acclimation, heat stress, kinases, phosphatases, temperature acclimation, thermomorphogenesis Introduction In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of kinases and phosphatases in plant temperature responses. Many protein kinases are known to be involved in cold acclimation and heat stress responsiveness, but the role and importance of kinases and phosphatases in triggering responses to mild changes in temperature, such as thermomorphogenesis, are inadequately understood. Cellular temperature signalling cascades and tolerance mechanisms also involve post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly protein phosphorylation. These processes have been extensively studied at the physiological, transcriptional, and (epi)genetic level. Suboptimal high and low temperatures and stressful extreme temperatures induce adaptive mechanisms that allow optimal performance and survival, respectively. R-release (arm64): phonfieldwork_0.0.11.tgz, r-oldrel (arm64): phonfieldwork_0.0.11.tgz, r-release (x86_64): phonfieldwork_0.0.11.tgz, r-oldrel (x86_64): phonfieldwork_0.0.11.Plants must cope with ever-changing temperature conditions in their environment. R-devel: phonfieldwork_0.0.11.zip, r-release: phonfieldwork_0.0.11.zip, r-oldrel: phonfieldwork_0.0.11.zip Manipulating 'phonfieldwork' data with 'tidyverse' Ethical Research with 'phonfieldwork' Phonetic fieldwork and experiments with 'phonfieldwork' package Knitr, tidyverse, tidyr, dplyr, DT, lingtypology, testthat, readxl TuneR, phonTools, grDevices, utils, graphics, rmarkdown, xml2, uchardet, tools You can also compare the functionality with other packages: 'rPraat', 'textgRid'. 'phonfieldwork' provides a functionality that will make it easier to solve those tasks independently of any additional tools. All of these tasks can be solved by a mixture of different tools (any programming language has programs for automatic renaming, and Praat contains scripts for concatenating and renaming files, etc.). This includes creating a presentation that will contain all stimuli, renaming and concatenating multiple sound files recorded during a session, automatic annotation in 'Praat' TextGrids (this is one of the sound annotation standards provided by 'Praat' software, see Boersma & Weenink 2020 ), creating an html table with annotations and spectrograms, and converting multiple formats ('Praat' TextGrid, 'ELAN', 'EXMARaLDA', 'Audacity', subtitles '.srt', and 'FLEx' flextext). There are a lot of different typical tasks that have to be solved during phonetic research and experiments. Phonfieldwork: Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork Tools
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